Thursday, December 6, 2012

Pandora: Now and in the Future


Pandora, the largest moon of Polyphemus is a unique balance of perilous and beautiful. Its landscape includes trees as tall as Earth’s buildings, able to grow because of the rich volcanic soil (Pandora has over 3000 active volcanoes) and the CO2-rich atmosphere. Floating mountains cover the moon, kept aloft by the superconductive element Unobtanium, which is abundant in the core and mantle of Pandora. The tropical continents are small and island-like, largely because of the immense amount of tectonic activity, fueled by Pandora’s proximity to its planet, Polyphemus, and seven other moons. Acidic rain and radioactive thunderstorms are among the most extreme weather conditions. The rapidly cycling crust, mantle, and core yield an ever-changing landscape, as do the immense weathering, erosion, and material transport.


The tropical scenery typical of Pandora.
Pandora in a Thousand Years

The floating mountains of Pandora are what will most notably change within the next thousand years. As the Unobtanium on Pandora itself shifts with plate movement, so does the magnetic field it creates. As we have earthquakes on Earth, there are on Pandora. However, when two plates on Pandora rapidly converge, a plate with large amounts of molten Unobtanium can subduct, shifting its magnetic field. Should there be a piece of land aloft in that magnetic field, it could be moved, dropped, or even thrown , to land quickly on the moon below.  This happens with a fair amount of consistency, and will shift much of Pandora’s landscape in the next thousand years.

Pandora in Ten Thousand Years

            Within ten thousand years, many continents currently on Pandora will have begun to drift apart (though this will ultimately be a slow process to complete). The accelerated tectonic processes on Pandora allow the tectonic plates to shift roughly five times as fast as those on Earth. After ten thousand years, a noticeable difference will be seen in the continental layout of Pandora, particularly around fault lines and large coasts. Additionally, Pandora’s largest active volcano, Ram’txep, is due to erupt within four thousand years (according to geologists from Earth). Should this happen, Ram’txep (twice as large as Vesuvius) will create massive ash cover and immense wasting that will devastate hundreds, if not thousands, of miles.
 
                                         Pandora after smaller volcanic eruptions. This will occur to a much
                                         more severe scale with the eruption of Ram'txep.
 

Pandora in a Million Years

Within a million years, the molten Unobtanium inside of Pandora will have almost completely cycled through its stages of being within the core, then the mantle, then surfacing as a floating land mass. When this happens, the continents on Pandora will begin to resurface as larger, continuous continents as the tectonic plates shift together, eventually to be further broken into smaller ones. Additionally, the largest hotspot in Pandora will create anywhere from three to seven new volcanos, as the plate slides overtop the hotpot at its accelerated rate. Pandora will likely always maintain its mostly tropical climate, but will continue to fluctuate in mountain size and form.

 
Sources
 
Images from
 
Info from
Avatar: An Activist Survival Guide by Maria Wilhelm


Tuesday, November 13, 2012

Weather and Storms on Pandora



The most notable difference between the atmosphere on Earth and that on Pandora is the amount of carbon dioxide. Only .035% of Earth’s atmosphere is CO2, compared to the 18% on Pandora. The increased amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas, causes the overall temperature on Pandora to be warmer than that on Earth. Higher temperatures allows for more humid air on the surface of Pandora, creating larger cloud formations and heavier rainfall. Additionally, the land to ocean ratio is roughly the same on Pandora as it is on Earth. However, the immense stress on Pandora’s crust causes land masses to change and break apart much more quickly. The largest contiguous continent on Pandora is slightly smaller than Australia. This mixed with the strong Coriolis Effect mixed with the warm ocean and moist air leads to frequent hurricanes, which can occur as often as every other day during the warm season on the moon. The Na’vi call the large coastal hurricanes arip’ora, or “moving lake.” 

A surface map of Pandora. Notice the small, broken continents surrounded by vast amounts of ocean.
 Almost all of the air masses on Pandora would be classified on Earth as maritime, with most therein being tropical. There are very few polar and arctic air masses on Pandora. When these cold polar air masses do form and force warmer fronts aloft, the resulting storms can be gigantic by Earth standards. During thunderstorms, or rawm, in addition to lightning, there is a radioactive type of lightning unique to Pandora, called atanzaw, or “forked lighting.” This refers to lightning which is ionized and radioactive, making it a radiation contamination hazard when it makes ground contact. Though more extreme than lightning on Earth, this type of radioactive lightning is rare, and is caused by especially unstable and ionized air masses.

The characteristic humid, misty weather which covers most of Pandora.